Paramedic Exams
These are some ol examp practice and preparation stuff for a first year university student of paramedics, clinical practice or nursing.
An allergic reaction occurs when an antibody binds with an antigen causing a hypersensitive reaction to antibodies bound to mast cells, neutrophils or basophils.
Antigens can enter the body through:
- ingestion
- inhalation
- injection
- absorption
S&S of the release of histamines: decreased BP, increased GIT secretions, rhinorrhea, lacrimation, angioedema, urticaria, flushing, hyperaemia, pruritis
S&S of the release of leukotrienes: wheezes, coronary vaso-constriction (v.c.), hypotension
S&S of eosinophil chemotactic factor: increased temp, chills, bronchospasm, and pulmonary v.c.
PHC drugs used in the treatment of anaphylaxis include: Adrenaline 0.5 mls of 1:1000 IM, Salbutomol (if bronchospasm is present) at 5mgs:2.5mls via nebuliser or IPPV, hartmann’s 20mls/kg as a rapid bolus is signs of relative hypovolaemia manifests
Opsinisation – is a substance that makes bacteria more susceptible to phagocytosis
The four main functions of antibodies are to:
- neutralize bacterial toxins
- neutraise viruses
- opsonise bacteria, and
- activate elements of the inflammatory response
Antibodies are proteins
Innate immunity vs acquired immunity
Innate refers to the immune defenses that lack immunological memory
Acquired immunity occurs after birth and is a result of the immune response
Humoral immunity: uses the B-cells (human bursal equivalent)
Cell-mediated immunity: uses the T-cells (thymus cells)
Hydrophilic – loves water
Hydrolytic – kills/ lysis in water
Hydrophobic – hates/ fears water
Primary response – immediate
Secondary response – occurs once the antibodies have been developed and is much more effective
Antigens trigger a response
Antibodies are proteins produced in response to antigenic invasion
Drugs of dependence (DDs) – S8 eg morphine, must be double locked, registered and accountable for the balance, lost/stolen ampoules must be reported to the police
Macro drip rate: DR 20/60
Micro drip rate: DR 60/60